- 5.6MediumCVSS base score
- 1.4%Exploitation in 30 daysEPSS · top 28% of all CVEs
- NoKnown exploitednot in CISA's KEV catalog
- 1Public exploitsMetasploit, Nuclei and Exploit-DB
Description
The Linux kernel allows userspace processes to enable mitigations by calling prctl with PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL which disables the speculation feature as well as by using seccomp. We had noticed that on VMs of at least one major cloud provider, the kernel still left the victim process exposed to attacks in some cases even after enabling the spectre-BTI mitigation with prctl. The same behavior can be observed on a bare-metal machine when forcing the mitigation to IBRS on boot command line. This happened because when plain IBRS was enabled (not enhanced IBRS), the kernel had some logic that determined that STIBP was not needed. The IBRS bit implicitly protects against cross-thread branch target injection. However, with legacy IBRS, the IBRS bit was cleared on returning to userspace, due to performance reasons, which disabled the implicit STIBP and left userspace threads vulnerable to cross-thread branch target injection against which STIBP protects.
Public exploit
An exploit or proof of concept is public: anyone can try it against an unpatched system. The public collections list an Exploit-DB entry for it. CISA's SSVC rates its exploitation: a proof of concept is public.
Show the exploits1
Exploit-DB1 entry
- Linux Kernel 6.2 - Userspace Processes To Enable Mitigation (Exploit-DB entry) (opens in a new tab)
EDB-ID 51384local, linuxpublished 20 Apr 2023Not verified
Modules, templates and exploits as listed by the Metasploit Framework (BSD-3-Clause), ProjectDiscovery's Nuclei templates (MIT) and the Exploit Database (GPLv2), read once a day. Where the data comes from
Timeline
ID reserved
By Google
- 9 days later
· 9 days later
Published
- 22 months later
· 22 months later
Record updated
Changes after publication (a new score, a public exploit, EPSS crossing 1, 10 or 50 %, leaving KEV) are kept since November 2026; earlier ones are not known.
Scores
| Scored by | CVSS | Score | Vector |
|---|---|---|---|
| GoogleCNA (assigner) | 3.1 | Medium5.6 | CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N |
| NVDNVD · Modified | 3.1 | Medium5.6 | CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N |
- EPSS (exploitation in 30 days)
- 1.4% · top 28% of all CVEs (10 Nov 2026)
- CISA SSVC
- Exploitation: poc · Automatable: no · Technical impact: partial
The list uses the assigner's score when there is one, then CISA's, then NVD's: Medium 5.6.
Affected products
- affected < 6.3
References
5
- https://github.com/google/security-research/security/advisories/GHSA-mj4w-6495-6crx (opens in a new tab)x_transferred
- https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/6921ed9049bc7457f66c1596c5b78aec0dae4a9d (opens in a new tab)x_transferred
- https://kernel.dance/#6921ed9049bc7457f66c1596c5b78aec0dae4a9d (opens in a new tab)x_transferred
- https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/05/msg00005.html (opens in a new tab)x_transferred
- https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/05/msg00006.html (opens in a new tab)x_transferred
Sources
The same CVE in the primary databases and aggregators, to check against.
- CVE.org record (opens in a new tab)
- CVE List JSON (GitHub) (opens in a new tab)
- NVD (opens in a new tab)
- FIRST EPSS (opens in a new tab)
- EUVD EUVD-2023-24178 (opens in a new tab)
- OSV.dev (opens in a new tab)
- GitHub Advisories (opens in a new tab)
- CIRCL Vulnerability-Lookup (opens in a new tab)
Badge for a README or a ticket
[](https://cveledger.app/cve/CVE-2023-1998)Record last updated .