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CVE-2025-21722nilfs2: do not force clear folio if buffer is referenced

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nilfs2: do not force clear folio if buffer is referenced Patch series "nilfs2: protect busy buffer heads from being force-cleared". This series fixes the buffer head state inconsistency issues reported by syzbot that occurs when the filesystem is corrupted and falls back to read-only, and the associated buffer head use-after-free issue. This patch (of 2): Syzbot has reported that after nilfs2 detects filesystem corruption and falls back to read-only, inconsistencies in the buffer state may occur. One of the inconsistencies is that when nilfs2 calls mark_buffer_dirty() to set a data or metadata buffer as dirty, but it detects that the buffer is not in the uptodate state: WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 6049 at fs/buffer.c:1177 mark_buffer_dirty+0x2e5/0x520 fs/buffer.c:1177 ... Call Trace: <TASK> nilfs_palloc_commit_alloc_entry+0x4b/0x160 fs/nilfs2/alloc.c:598 nilfs_ifile_create_inode+0x1dd/0x3a0 fs/nilfs2/ifile.c:73 nilfs_new_inode+0x254/0x830 fs/nilfs2/inode.c:344 nilfs_mkdir+0x10d/0x340 fs/nilfs2/namei.c:218 vfs_mkdir+0x2f9/0x4f0 fs/namei.c:4257 do_mkdirat+0x264/0x3a0 fs/namei.c:4280 __do_sys_mkdirat fs/namei.c:4295 [inline] __se_sys_mkdirat fs/namei.c:4293 [inline] __x64_sys_mkdirat+0x87/0xa0 fs/namei.c:4293 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f The other is when nilfs_btree_propagate(), which propagates the dirty state to the ancestor nodes of a b-tree that point to a dirty buffer, detects that the origin buffer is not dirty, even though it should be: WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5245 at fs/nilfs2/btree.c:2089 nilfs_btree_propagate+0xc79/0xdf0 fs/nilfs2/btree.c:2089 ... Call Trace: <TASK> nilfs_bmap_propagate+0x75/0x120 fs/nilfs2/bmap.c:345 nilfs_collect_file_data+0x4d/0xd0 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:587 nilfs_segctor_apply_buffers+0x184/0x340 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:1006 nilfs_segctor_scan_file+0x28c/0xa50 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:1045 nilfs_segctor_collect_blocks fs/nilfs2/segment.c:1216 [inline] nilfs_segctor_collect fs/nilfs2/segment.c:1540 [inline] nilfs_segctor_do_construct+0x1c28/0x6b90 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2115 nilfs_segctor_construct+0x181/0x6b0 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2479 nilfs_segctor_thread_construct fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2587 [inline] nilfs_segctor_thread+0x69e/0xe80 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2701 kthread+0x2f0/0x390 kernel/kthread.c:389 ret_from_fork+0x4b/0x80 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244 </TASK> Both of these issues are caused by the callbacks that handle the page/folio write requests, forcibly clear various states, including the working state of the buffers they hold, at unexpected times when they detect read-only fallback. Fix these issues by checking if the buffer is referenced before clearing the page/folio state, and skipping the clear if it is.

Timeline

  1. ID reserved

    By Linux

  2. · 2 months later

    Published

  3. · 20 months later

    Record updated

Changes after publication (a new score, a public exploit, EPSS crossing 1, 10 or 50 %, leaving KEV) are kept since November 2026; earlier ones are not known.

Scores

CVSS scores of CVE-2025-21722, by who scored it
Scored byCVSSScoreVector
LinuxCNA (assigner)3.1High7.8CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CISA-ADPADP (enrichment)3.1High7.8CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
NVDNVD · Modified3.1High7.8CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS (exploitation in 30 days)
0.27% · top 80% of all CVEs (15 Nov 2026)
CISA SSVC
Exploitation: none · Automatable: no · Technical impact: total
Loading the EPSS history…

The list uses the assigner's score when there is one, then CISA's, then NVD's: High 7.8.

Affected products

  • Linux · Linux

    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 7d0544bacc11d6aa26ecd7debf9353193c7a3328
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 4d042811c72f71be7c14726db2c72b67025a7cb5
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < f51ff43c4c5a6c8e72d0aca89e4d5e688938412f
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 19296737024cd220a1d6590bf4c092bca8c99497
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 8458c686d50a804611b97038dd6e75a474ac2221
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 1098bb8d52419d262a3358d099a1598a920b730f
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < 557ccf5e49f1fb848a29698585bcab2e50a597ef
    • affected 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c – < ca76bb226bf47ff04c782cacbd299f12ddee1ec1

  • Linux · Linux

    • affected 3.10
    • unaffected < 3.10
    • unaffected 5.4.291 – ≤ 5.4.*
    • unaffected 5.10.235 – ≤ 5.10.*
    • unaffected 5.15.179 – ≤ 5.15.*
    • unaffected 6.1.129 – ≤ 6.1.*
    • unaffected 6.6.160 – ≤ 6.6.*
    • unaffected 6.12.13 – ≤ 6.12.*
    • unaffected 6.13.2 – ≤ 6.13.*
    • unaffected 6.14 – ≤ *

References

References10

Sources

The same CVE in the primary databases and aggregators, to check against.

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Record last updated .